From 1829-1971 Eastern State Penitentiary housed over 70,000 inmates and essentially served as the first penitentiary in the US. Eastern State used the “Pennsylvania system” which relied heavily on solitary confinement and was part of a larger reform movement going on at the time. Little did the creators know that solitary confinement would have tremendous negative effects on the inmates.

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Sources

https://www.easternstate.org/notable-prisoners
https://web.archive.org/web/20060620011403/http://www.easternstate.org/history/
https://www.easternstate.org/sites/easternstate/files/inline-files/ESP_PopUpMuseumHandout-forweb.pdf
https://www.ushistory.org/tour/eastern-state-penitentiary.htm
https://www.easternstate.org/sites/easternstate/files/inline-files/2017PopUpGalleryGuidePrisonBreakingNews_0.pdf
https://www.easternstate.org/sites/easternstate/files/inline-files/ESP_PopUpMuseumHandout2018_Individual%20Pages.pdf
https://www.easternstate.org/sites/easternstate/files/inline-files/ESP_PopUpMuseumHandout2018_WallsMakeGoodNeighbors.pdf
https://www.easternstate.org/research/history-eastern-state/timeline
https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5579901
https://solitarywatch.org/2010/02/27/charles-dickens-on-solitary-confinement-immense-torture-and-agony/
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-daring-escape-from-the-eastern-state-penitentiary-180947688/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-36163247
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_prison_systems
https://web.archive.org/web/20160403150355/http://www.treasuresofpa.com/2009/11/esp/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_State_Penitentiary
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/eastern-state-penitentiary-a-prison-with-a-past-14274660/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_prison_systems
https://knowablemagazine.org/article/society/2022/prison-history-ashley-rubin-qa
https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2020/12/08/solitary_symposium/
https://www.vera.org/downloads/publications/the-impacts-of-solitary-confinement.pdf